Some Common Abbreviations
| abbr. - abbreviation, abbreviated |
abr. - abridged, abridgment |
| acad. - academic, academy |
adj. - adjective, adjourned, adjustment |
| adm. - administration, admiral |
adv. - adverb |
| agr. / agri. / agric. - agricultural, agriculture |
anon. - anonymous |
| app. - appended, appendix, appointed |
approx. - approximately |
| assn. - association |
b. - base, bass, bat, battery, bay, book, born, brother |
| bact. - bacteria, bacteriology |
bap. - baptized |
| bib. - Bible, biblical |
bibliog. - bibliographer, bibliography, bibliographic |
| biog. - biographer, biography, biographical |
biol. - biology |
| bk. - bank, block, book |
bkg. - banking |
| bldg. - building |
blvd. - boulevard |
| bot. - botanical, botany |
bp. - bishop |
| brig. - brigade, brigadier |
brig. gen. - brigadier general |
| bro. - brother |
bur. - bureaus |
| c.a. - chartered accountant, chief accountant, commercial agent, consular agent, controller of accounts |
cal. - calendar, caliber, small calorie |
| cap. - capital, capitalize |
capt. - captain |
| cath. - cathedral |
cc / cc. / c.c. - cubic centimeters |
| cent. - centigrade, centimeter, central, century |
cf. - Latin confer = compare |
| ch. - chaplain, chapter, check (chess), chief, child, children, Latin chirurgia = surgery, church |
chap. - chaplain, chapter |
| chem. - chemical, chemist, chemistry |
chm. - chairman, checkmate (chess) |
| chron. - chronology |
cir. /circ. - circular, Latin circa = about |
| cit. - citation, cited, citizen |
civ. - civil, civilian |
| clk. - clerk |
cm / cm. - centimeter(s) |
| co. - company, county |
c.o. / c/o - care of, carried over |
| c.o.d. - cash on delivery, collect on delivery |
col. - collected, collector, college, colonel, colonial, colony, column |
| colloq. - colloquial, colloquialism |
com. - comedy, command, commandant, commerce, commercial, commission(er), committee, commodore, common, communication, community |
| comdr. - commander |
comr. - commissioner |
| comp. - compiler, compiled by |
con. - concerto, consolidated, consul |
| cond. - conductor, conducted by |
conf. - conference |
| cong. - congress |
consol. - consolidated |
| constr. - construction |
cont. - containing, contents, continent, continental, continue, continued |
| cont. / contd. - continued |
corp. - corporal, corporation |
| cp. - candlepower, compare |
cpl. - corporal |
| cr. - credit, creditor, creek |
crit. - criticism |
| ct. - carat, cent, court |
cu. - cubic |
| cwt. - hundredweight |
d. - dam (pedigrees), date, daughter, day(s), dead, democrat, density, diameter, died |
| d. - pence, penny |
dec. - deceased, declaration, declension, declination, decrease, Italian deprescendo = decreasing in loudness (music), |
| def. - definition, definite |
deg. - degree(s) |
| dep. - department, departure, deposit, depot, deputy |
dept. - department, deputy |
| der. / deriv. - derivation, derivative |
diag. - diagram |
| dial. - dialect |
dict. - dictionary |
| dim. - Italian diminuendo = diminishing in loudness (music) |
dipl. - diplomat, diplomatic |
| dir. - director, directed by |
disc. - discount, discovered |
| dist. - distinguished, district |
distr. - distribution, distributed by |
| div. - dividend, division, divorced |
dm / dm. - decameter, decimeter |
| do. - Latin ditto = the same |
doc. - document |
| doz. - dozen |
dpt. - department |
| dr. - debit, debtor, drachma, dram |
d.t. - delirium tremens, double time |
| dup. / dupl. - duplicate |
dwt. - pennyweight |
| e / e. - erg, errors (Baseball) |
ea. - each |
| eccl. / eccles. - ecclesiastical |
ecol. - ecology |
| econ. - economic, economics, economy |
ed. - edited, edited by, edition, editor |
| e.g. - Latin exempli gratia = for example |
elec. / elect. - electric, electrical, electrician, electricity |
| elev. - elevation |
emp. - emperor, empire, empress |
| e.m.u. - electromagnetic unit |
enc. - enclosed |
| ency. / encyc. / encycl. - encyclopedia |
eng. - engineer, engineering, engraved |
| entom. / entomol. - entomologist, entomology |
esp. - especially |
| est. - established, estimate |
et al. - Latin et alibi = and elsewhere,
Latin et alii, et aliae = and others |
| etc. - Latin et cetera = and so forth |
et seq. - Latin et sequens = and the following, Latin et sequentes or seqentia = and those that follow |
| ex. - examined, example |
exch. - exchange, exchequer |
| exec. - executive, executor |
ex lib. - Latin ex libris = from the books of |
| f - Italian forte = loud (music) |
f. - farad, father, farthing, fathom, feminine, fluid (ounce), folio, following, franc, frequency |
| fac. / fax - facsimile |
fed. - federal, federated, federation |
| fem. - female, feminine |
ff - Italian fortissimo = very loud (music) |
| ff. / fol. - folios, following |
fig. - figure |
| fin. - finance |
fl. - florin, flourished, fluid |
| fn. - footnote |
fr. - fragment, franc, from |
| ft = feet, foot |
ft. - fort |
| fwd. - foreword, foreword by |
g / g. / gm - gram |
| gal / gall. - gallon |
gaz. - gazette, gazetteer |
| gen. - gender, genera, general, genus |
geog. - geographer, geographical, geography |
| geol. - geologic, geologist, geology |
geom. - geometric, geometry |
| gloss. - glossary |
gov. - governor |
| govt. - government |
gr - grain(s), gram(s) |
| gram. - grammar, grammarian |
hab. corp. - Latin habeas corpus = that you have the body |
| her. - heraldry |
hist. - historian, historical, history |
| hort. - horticultural, horticulture |
hr - hour(s) |
| ht. - height |
ib. / ibid. - Latin ibidem = in the same place |
| id. - Latin idem = the same |
i.e. - Latin id est = that is |
| illus. - illustrator, illustration, illustrated by |
imp. - imperative, imperial, imports,
Latin imprimatur = let it be printed |
| in. - inch, inches |
inc. - including, income, incorporated |
| in loc. cit. - Latin in loco citato = in the place cited |
ins. - inches, insurance |
| inst. - instant, institute, institution |
intl. - international |
| introd. - introduction, introduced by |
is. - island, isle |
| jour. - journal |
jr. - junior |
| jud. - judicial |
k. - kilo, kilogram, thousand |
| kg - kilogram (note: no period after kg) |
kilo. - kilogram, kilometer |
| km - kilometer (note: no period after km) |
kt. - carat |
| kw - kilowatt (note: no period after kw) |
l - liter |
| l, ll - line, lines |
lab. - laboratory |
| lang. - language |
lat. - latitude |
| lb - Latin libra = pound |
l.c. - Latin loco citato = in the place cited |
| lib. - liberal, library, librarian |
lieut. / lt. - lieutenant |
| lit. - literally, literary, literature |
ltd. - limited |
| lon. / long. - longitude |
m. - male, married, meridian, Latin
meridies = noon, meter, mile, minute, month |
| mach. - machine, machinist |
mag. - magazine |
| maj. - major |
mas. / masc. - masculine |
| math. - mathematician, mathematics |
mdse. - merchandise |
| mech. - mechanical, mechanics |
med. - medical, medicine, medieval |
| mem. / memo - Latin memento = remember, memorandum |
mfg. - manufacturing |
| mfr. - manufacture, manufacturer |
mg / mg. / mgm - milligram |
| mgr. - manager |
mi - miles, mill (note: no period after mi) |
| misc. - miscellaneous |
ml / ml. - milliliter |
| mm - millimeter(s), Latin millia = thousands |
mo. - month(s) |
| mod. - moderate, modern |
ms. / mss. - manuscript, manuscripts |
| mt. / mts. - mount, mountain, mountains |
mus. - museum, music, musician |
| n / nn - note, notes |
n. - noun |
| narr. - narrator, narrated by |
natl. - national |
| nav. - naval, navigation |
n.b. - Latin nota bene = mark well, take notice |
| n.d. - no date of publication |
neg. - negative |
| no. - number |
non seq. - Latin non sequitur = it does not follow |
| n.p. - no place of publication, no publisher |
n. pag. - no page number |
| obit. - obituary |
obj. - object, objective |
| op. cit. - Latin opere citato = in the work cited |
orch. - orchestra, orchestrated by |
| orig. - original, originally |
oz. - ounce (Italian abbrev. of onza) |
| p. / pp. - page, pages |
par. - paragraph, parallel |
| pat. /patd. - patent, patented |
pct. - percent |
| p.d. - Latin per diem = by the day |
pen. - peninsular |
| perf. - performer, performed by |
philos. - philosopher, philosophy |
| phys. - physical, physician, physicist, physics |
pl. - plate, plural |
| ppd. - postpaid, prepaid |
pref. - preface, preface by |
| prin. - principal, principle |
prod. - produced by, producer, production |
| pro tem. - Latin pro tempore = for the time being |
pron. - pronoun, pronunciation |
| pseud. - pseudonym |
psych. / psychol. - psychological, psychologist, psychology |
| pt - pint (note: no period after pt) |
pt. - part, payment, point, port |
| pub. / publ. - public, publisher, publication, published by |
pwt - pennyweight (note: no period after pwt) |
| q. - quarto, question |
qr. - quarter |
| qt - quart (note: no period after qt) |
qt. - quiet (slang) |
| qtd. - quoted |
ques. - question |
| quot. - quotation |
r.b.i. / rbi / RBI - run(s) batted in (Baseball) |
| quot. - quotation |
rec. - receipt, recipe, record, recorded |
| ref. - referee, reference, reformed |
reg. - regent, regiment, region, registered, registrar, regular, regulation |
| rel. - release |
rev. - review, reviewed by, revision, revised, revised by |
| riv. - river |
rpm - revolutions per minute |
| rps - revolutions per second |
rpt. - reprint, reprinted by |
| s. - saint, second, semi-, shilling, silver, sire, solo, son, soprano, south |
sc. - scene |
| sch. - school |
sci. - science, scientific, scientist |
| sculp / sculp. - sculptor, sculptural, sculpture |
sec - secant, second(s) |
| sec. / secy. - secretary |
sec. / sect. - section |
| ser. - series |
serg. / sergt. / sgt. - sergeant |
| [sic.] - thus in the source (exactly as quoted) |
sing. - singular |
| sol. - solicitor |
sp. - special, species, specific, specimen, spelling, spirit |
| sq. - square, sequence |
sub. - submarine, substitute, suburb |
| subj. - subject, subjective, subjunctive |
sup. - superior, supplement, supply, (Latin supra = above), supreme |
| supt. - superintendent |
surg. - surgeon, surgery |
| sym. - symbol, symphony |
syn. - synonym, synonymous |
| t. - temperature, tempo, (Latin tempore = in the time of), tenor, tense (grammar), territory, time, ton(s), town, transitive, troy (weight) |
tbs. / tbsp. - tablespoon |
| tel. - telegram, telegraph, telephone |
temp. - temperature, temporary |
| terr. - territory |
theol. - theologian, theological, theology |
| topog. - topographical, topography |
trans. / tr. - translated by, translation, translator |
| treas. - treasurer, treasury |
trig. / trigon. - trigonometric, trigonometry |
| tsp. - teaspoon |
twp. - township |
| ult. - ultimate |
univ. - universal, university |
| usu. - usually |
uv - ultraviolet (note: no period after uv) |
| v. - verb, verse, versus, Latin vide = see, voltage, von (German name) |
var. - variant |
| vb. - verb |
vers. - version |
| vet. - veteran, veterinary |
viz. - Latin videlicet = namely |
| vet. - veteran, veterinary |
vol. - volcano, volume |
| vox. pop. - Latin vox populi = voice of the people |
v.p. - vice president, vice principal |
| vs. / v. - Latin versus = against |
vs. / vss. - verse, verses |
| v.s. - Latin vide supra = see above |
wpm - words per minute |
| writ. - writer, written by |
wt - weight (no period after wt) |
| yd - yard(s) |
yr - year |
| zn = zinc |
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For a complete list of Common Scholarly Abbreviations, please see Section 7.4 in the 6th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
Abbreviations of Degrees
Note: When documenting sources using MLA style, the normal punctuations are omitted for degrees when used in parentheses, tables, works cited, footnotes, endnotes, etc. For example, B.A. is written as BA. Other abbreviations retain the periods if applicable, e.g. acad., bib., misc.
Italics = Latin
| BA - Bachelor of Arts |
BBA - Bachelor of Business Administration |
| BS - Bachelor of Science |
DA - Doctor of Arts |
| EdD - Doctor of Education |
JD - Doctor of Law |
| LLB - Bachelor of Laws (legum baccalaureus) |
LLD - Doctor of Laws (legum doctor) |
| LLM - Master of Laws (legum magister) |
MA - Master of Arts |
| MBA - Master of Business Administration |
MD - Doctor of Medicine (medicinae doctor) |
| MS - Master of Science |
PhD - Doctor of Philosophy |
Links to Common, Uncommon, and Specialized Abbreviations
Abbreviations and Acronyms of the U.S. Government.
Abbreviations of Chemical Compounds. Example: Type in your keywords to search, e.g. asa = Results for ASA
- acetylsalicylic acid
+ CH3-COO-2-C6H4-COOH
+ 2-acetyloxy benzoic acid.
Acronym Finder. Look up acronyms, abbreviations and their meanings.
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Acronyms Used in International Trade.
ArgosBiotech: Directory of Abbreviations commonly used in biotechnology, biochemistry and the life sciences.
BABEL: A Glossary of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms by Irving & Richard Kind.
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Common Abbreviations from Fact Monster for kids.
Common Abbreviations, Common Symbols, Acronyms for Organizations, and Acronyms for Study Groups from Web-based Training Modules funded by the U.S. National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program.
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Common Abbreviations from University of Alabama Editorial Style Manual. Includes: commonly used Academic Degrees and their abbreviations, Days of the Week and Months, State and Postal Abbreviations, and Time Terminology.
Common Abbreviations - Acronyms from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
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Common Abbreviations in Writing.
Common Abbreviations of Biochemical Terms from Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry, the online reference of metabolism for students, scientists, and the world.
Common Abbreviations Used in International Narcotics Control Strategy Report.
Common Business and Professional Abbreviations and Acronyms from UK.
Common Medical and Biophysical Abbreviations.
Common Proofreading Symbols and Common Proofreading Abbreviations from Capital Community College, Hartford, CT.
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Construction Industry Acronyms from Mechanical Contractors Association of Ontario.
EuroDicAutom. Eurodicautom is the European Commissions multilingual term bank. The automatic dictionary was launched in 1964. Entries are classified into 48 subject fields (ranging from medicine to public administration). Languages include Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish. A typical entry contains the term itself and its synonyms, together with definitions, explanatory notes, references, etc. At present the term bank contains about 5,500,000 entries (terms and abbreviations), subdivided into more than 800 collections.
Glossary - language that mechanics and technicians use for cars, automobile engines, auto parts, etc. From FixingCars.com, Australia.
Glossary of Common Abbreviations from AECMA - The European Association of Aerospace Industries represents the aerospace industry in Europe.
The Great Three-Letter Abbreviation Hunt and The Four-Letter Abbreviation Hunt.
HyperWar - World War II on the WorldWideWeb - Abbreviations, Acronyms, Codewords, Terms.
Medical Abbreviations (with links) by Adrian M. Padurean.
Military Abbreviations and Acronyms of the US Armed Forces.
Military Acronyms and Glossaries. Links.
Military Acronyms, Initialisms, and Abbreviations.
The Opaui Guide to Lists of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Initialisms on the World Wide Web.
Organizational Acronyms - mainly for United States.
United States Postal Service - Official USPS Abbreviations. State Abbreviations, Street Suffixes - abbreviations for Annex, Avenue, Boulevard ... Secondary Unit Designators - abbreviations for Apartment, Basement, Floor ...
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